WRI Tech Facts
TF 202-R-03: How to Specify, Order & Use Welded Wire Reinforcement in Residential & Light Commercial Construction
Updated 1994, 8 pages
A comprehensive publication that answers many questions on specifications and nomenclature on wire sizes and styles for ordering information. It also has guidelines on placing and supporting WWR. There are numerous examples, data tables, and photos.
TF 203-R-03: Welded Wire Reinforcement ASTM Test Data for Quality Assurance
1998, 2 pages
This Tech Fact contains the current test criteria from all 4 of the ASTM Standards (A82, A496, A185, & A497). It points out required testing that must be performed for all welded wire before it leaves the point of manufacturing. The publication is produced with the permission of ASTM and gives the specifier and user the confidence that the materials have been tested for the required strength and durability that they expect.
TF 204-0R-03: Welded Wire Reinforced Tilt-up Panels
1994, 4 pages
This Tech Fact is an educational tool for welded wire reinforced tilt-up wall construction.
TF 205-R-03: Welded Wire Fabric in Concrete Pan Joist Slab Construction
1993, First Printing, 2 pages An informative publication referencing the advantages of welded wire reinforcement (WWR) in both one-way and two-way pan joist construction. Addresses minimum steel requirements, spacing, design considerations, ACI Building Code specifications, and the use of high strength structural WWR.
TF 206-R-03: Metric Welded Wire Reinforcement
Updated 1998, Third Printing 2 pages
Converting U.S. Equivalent Customary (in-pound) styles to Metric styles. A discussion and examples of soft conversion technique.
TF 207-R-03: Provisions in ACI 318 for Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement
1999, First Printing, 6 pages
This Tech Fact contains key ACI 318 code provisions concerning wire and welded wire reinforcement for reinforced concrete. The reference can be used as a guide for design expressions, approved ASTM material references, and commentary to assist in design and writing specifications. The Tech Fact may be inserted in the WRI Structural Detailing Manual -Section 1- and will be updated as future codes are published.
TF 208-R-08: (D) Structural High Strength Welded Wire Reinforcement - Current Product Knowledge
2008, 3rd Printing, 7 pages
This Tech Fact describes current manufacturing abilities, applicable specifications and nomenclature, handling and unloading, placing to obtain proper positioning, coated WWR, and metrication. Tables are included to make it easier for converting units and knowing what common styles are produced and determining areas of steel for various wire spacings.
TF 209-R-08: Design Aids For Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement (includes WWR/Rebar Comparison Tables)
2008, 2nd Printing, 14 pages
This issue contains lists of ASTM & AASHTO Standards that apply to wire and WWR. Also ASTM physical properties for minimum yield and tensile strengths and minimum weld shear strength criteria. There are examples using the included 4 sets of tables. The tables compare various spacings of rebar at 60 ksi yield strength with various spacings of WWR at 60, 70, 75, and 80 ksi yield strengths.
TF 209-R-08 Metric: Design Aids For Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement (includes WWR/Rebar Comparison Tables)
2008, 2nd Printing, 14 pages
This issue is a metric-centered version of TF 209-R-08.
TF 306-R-03: (D) Welded Wire Reinforcement for Circular Concrete Pipe
1999, 16 pages, by WRI Pipe Committee
This Tech Fact is intended to provide sound recommendations for use in estimating the reinforcing steel in a concrete pipe. The information in tables in the book was compiled using the published reinforcing designs of the American Society for testing and materials "Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe", Designation C 76. In addition to this Tech Fact, the disk includes TF 311-M, TF 208, and CS 199.
TF 311M-03: (D) Metric Welded Wire Reinforcement for Concrete Pipe
1995, 6 pages, by WRI Pipe Committee
Contained in this Tech Fact are the principles of reinforcement and why it's needed in concrete pipe design. D-Load requirements and manufacturing specifications are explained. Examples show metric styles of WWR compared to in-lb styles. Other tables show Canadian Standards, conversion factors, common pipe WWR wire spacings and common wire and dimensional properties for metric sizes as well as in-lb sizes.
TF 700-R-03: Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations
Original 1981, 36 pages
A design and construction aid specified by many model, local, and state code bodies. It's used by many testing and inspection agencies. It contains material to detail slab-on-ground and supporting concrete structures on soft or expansive soils, prevalent in many parts of the country. Design of Slab on Ground Foundations: An Update.
TF 702-R-08: Supports Are Needed for Long-Term Performance of Welded Wire Reinforcement In Slabs-On-Grade
Updated 2008, 6 pages
The questions of "why" and "where" supports are necessary are covered in this publication. Types of supports for WWR and the influence of the sub base conditions on their selection are addressed. Suggested spacings of supports are furnished to show the different spacings when wide spaced WWR (step-through styles) is specified vs. the smaller spaced styles.
TF 703-R-03: Synthetic and Steel Fibers Are Not Concrete Reinforcement
1995, 2 pages
This Tech Fact illustrates which codes and guides specify WWR and that none recognize any form of fibers as concrete reinforcement. The publication focuses on ettringite and alkali-silica phenomena causing cracking which makes the use of steel reinforcement necessary. A historical performance of an Iowa paving project proved the effectiveness of reinforced concrete over unreinforced concrete.
TF 704-R-03: High Strength Welded Wire Reinforcement Compared with Rebar
1995, 2 pages
This Tech Fact shows an actual distribution facility project that saved considerable costs on the placing of WWR compared with rebar. The high strength WWR saved material costs alone to convince the owner and contractor to use WWR. The contractor's statements give credence to the importance and viability of the use of WWR over rebar in concrete paving, parking lots, and slabs-on-ground.
TF 705-R-03: Innovative Ways to Reinforce Slabs-on-Ground
1996, 8 pages, by Robert B. Anderson, P.E.
There are five design procedures with examples developed by Mr. Anderson, a leading consultant on the subject of reinforced concrete slabs-on-ground. The publication has derivations of equations and design examples that show how as steel area increases more crack width control is gained. The sub grade drag theory is explained here in more detail, emphasizing the procedure for residential and light commercial projects. The other four procedures should be used for various structural applications where wheel loads and rack loads play a greater role in the design of the slab. There is a table of cross-sectional areas and weights for different spacings of wire (from 3" to 16").
WRI Case Study
CS 193-R-03: Case Study - Floor Framing - One Peachtree Office Tower, Atlanta, Georgia
1992, 2 pages
Value engineering of the concrete floor framing system allowed a four-day/floor cycle that kept the tower on schedule.
CS 194-R-03: Case Study - Multiple Uses, One Project - Jacob's Field, Cleveland Indians Ball Park, Cleveland, Ohio
1994, 4 pages
Examines use of 490 tons of high strength WWR for paving, slabs-on-grade, supported corridor slabs, precast units, and beam shear cages. Value engineering played a big role in saving money and helped construction stay ahead of schedule. Cost savings of $125,000 were realized by reduced forming turnover time and placing time. By using high strength WWR over conventional strength reinforcing, 15% of the material costs were saved.
CS 196-R-03: Case Study - Precasting - Modular Precast Cells for Correctional Facilities
1997, 4 pages
This publication presents a composite of 3 case histories of precast concrete prison cell projects by 3 different precast producers. It discusses time and cost savings when precast modules are designed into the facilities. How high strength welded wire reinforcement also saves money. The case history is a pictorial review of how the modules are made and offers a time frame of the manufacturing process.
CS 198-R-03: Case Study - Concrete Bridges with Structural High Strength Welded Wire Reinforcement
1998, 6 pages
Discusses the research by the University of Nebraska on precast/prestressed "I" girders and some actual designs and the construction utilizing that research. Also,
some recent innovations in the use of structural welded wire reinforcement in bridge deck replacements. Some precast bridge rail members, median barriers, and
sound walls are shown in the case studies.
CS 199-R-03: Case Study - Precast Pipe - (D) Welded Wire Reinforced Precast Concrete Pipeline for Louisville, KY, International Airport Authority
1999, 6 pages
The Louisville International Airport is the 8th largest air cargo airport in the world and 5th largest in the U.S. With the recent paving expansion of the 3000 acre facility, it necessitated a closed discharge system capable of handling over 1,200 cubic feet per second of storm water. Approval was given by the airport authority to allow 96" and 108" diameter precast concrete pipe as an alternate solution to cast in place concrete boxes. The engineer's calculations and sketches are included in this Tech Fact.
CS 294-R-03: (D) Case Study - Slabs - Kohl's Corporation Distribution Center, Findley, Ohio
1994, 4 pages
Case history about a 756,000 square foot industrial facility where slabs were placed in less than a month. Fibers were suggested as a substitution to the WWR. The substitution was refused since the owner desired structural integrity if the substrate failed. The result is quality WWR reinforced slabs-on-grade and paving that are free of any settlement and have an exceptional surface quality with minimal intermediate cracks. No curling and displacement are evident at saw cut contraction joints.
CS 298-R-03: Case Study - Tunnel Construction - Washington DC's Metro Tunnel: An Advancement in Concrete Reinforcement
1998, 2 pages
Washington, DC's Metro subway is among the world's highly regarded public transit systems. The 1.1 mile extension of the green line utilizes high strength welded wire reinforcement equivalent to the area of steel of #6 @ 6" as primary reinforcement and #4 @ 16" temperature/shrinkage reinforcement. The welded wire sheets were shipped radius bent.
CS 299-R-03: Case Study - Research Results - High Performance Can Be Achieved with Welded Wire Reinforcement in Paving & Slabs when Proper Cover Exists
1999, 4 pages
A case study of 3 projects that were researched by Prof. Luke Snell include two industrial slabs - one 3 years and the other 11 years old. The Il DOT interstate paving study is over 30 years old. The study shows that when properly placed and supported WWR exists, high quality and long term performance can be expected.
Case Study, New Zealand: Marlborough Park Skateboard Bowl, North Shore City, Aukland.
2003, 2 pages
WRI would like to thank the Welded WireReinforcement Marketing Development Alliance of New Zealand for allowing WRI to include this case study on the WRI website. WWRMDA is the owner and holder of copyright to this case study.
Case study describes the use of structural welded wire in the construction of a 900 square meter skateboard bowl.
Case Study, New Zealand:Palms Shopping Centre, Redevelopment, Christchurch. Additional Photo.
2003, 2 pages
WRI would like to thank the Welded Wire Reinforcement Marketing Development Alliance of New Zealand for allowing WRI to include this case study on the WRI website. WWRMDA is the owner and holder of copyright to this case study. Case study focuses on the use of 1800 sheets of 665 WWR, covering an area of over 25,000 square metres, were used for supermarket flooring and car parking.
CS 1-2005: Case Study - Properly Placed WWR Provides QualityConcrete Sidewalks.
2005, 2 pages
Case study describes the use of structural welded wire reinforcement in the construction of sidewalks in New York City.
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